Low bone mass, often called osteopenia, is a T-score below −1.0 and above −2.5. A T-score of −2.5 or below is in the osteoporosis range. These categories apply at appropriate DXA sites in postmenopausal women and men age 50 or older; Z-scores are generally preferred before menopause and in younger men. Diagnosis and treatment also depend on fracture history and the full clinical assessment. A low-bone-mass result does not rule out osteoporosis or a need for medication.
Side by side
| Osteopenia | Osteoporosis | |
|---|---|---|
| T-score | Below −1.0 and above −2.5 | −2.5 or lower |
| Meaning | Low bone mass | Osteoporosis BMD range |
| Symptoms | Usually none | Usually none until a fracture |
| Fracture risk | Also depends on fractures, falls and other clinical factors | Also depends on fractures, falls and other clinical factors |
| Care plan | Exercise, nutrition, fall prevention and possible medication, based on assessment | Exercise, nutrition, fall prevention and medication discussion, based on assessment |
Taking useful next steps
There are useful steps at either starting point. Review exercise, nutrition, fall prevention and treatment needs with your clinician. An individually appropriate routine can support bone health and everyday function; a category alone cannot tell you which exercises, loads or medication are right for you.